'The Political Arena\r'

'A boiling hot international reveal nowadays is the upcoming preferences in the Philippines which get out be conducted on May 10, 2010. The option itself is controversial enough because this time, on that point argon ten chairmanial finishdidates, but what is rattling distinguishable about this election is that this is the starting time time that they volition be having the machine-controlled elections. The Senate Bill No. 2231 states that the automated election system must be employ to ensure transp atomic number 18ncy, accuracy and credibility.As the elections are sketch nearer, more than and more intrigues are appearing. One, and perchance the well-nigh worthy of worry, is the bankruptcy of the PCOS machines.2 simply quintuplet days before the elections, the test of the machines produced wrong results. In the mock elections, in that respect were five votes for a certain candidate, and five votes for another candidate. These ten votes were all(prenominal) cou nted for different candidates.Whether the makers of the machine and the administration, headed by the current president who has been accused of cheating in the inhabit elections, are conniving for this, it remains a mystery. People are worried that in that respect might be a failure of elections, and when this exceeds, the current president stays the president. It has been suggested to rent a parallel counting, meaning that off from the automated counting, in that location allow excessively be manual counting. This proposal was jilted by the Commission on Elections.In the Philippines, there are many different collections and religions. Recently, they eat announced their support recitals. The Iglesia ni Cristo group announced that they will be funding Senator â€Å"Noynoy” Aquino, the son of the late President Cory Aquino (their freshman woman president).3Senator Aquino made a statement saying that the Commission on Elections and then denied their proposal becau se it might open more venues for frauds and protests.4The media, being the primary source for more or less people, definitely plays a big utilization in this event. They continue to publish brush up results, which almost always show that there are only two presidential candidates who are in a troth for the spot. Again, these surveys only show the majority votes in a certain area, but for whatever reason, they nonplus the power to manipulate the voters.Some voters will change their votes because their first choice does not show good results in the surveys post by the media. The media in addition consistently gives updates on the failure of the PCOS machines. Last April 29, 2010, there was an oblige saying that the Office of the President also stood behind the decision of the COMELEC, and this made the citizens interrogate more if there is indeed a connection between the two groups.5There have been legal actions already, as the mentioned resolutions of the Senate to the COMEL EC, but all have been denied. The reason behind this is most probably the connivance of the administration, the COMELEC, and the producers of the PCOS machines. For me, this is an important leave even though it is happening in a different country.This shows us the unclean game of politics, and if it is happening in the Philippines, it can happen to any other country, as long as there are corrupt and power-hungry officials. If their elections push through without failure, we will get to see a innovative era in the Philippines, but if there is a failure of elections, who knows what can happen to their country?Choosing the next leaders of a country should not be interpreted lightly, and amidst the issues happening in their country, there are people still hoping for the best results.Works CitedSenate of the res publica of the Philippines, 13th Congress, Senate Bill No. 2231, automatize Election System, filed March 15, 2006.Noynoy Aquino. http://www.noynoy.ph/v3/index.php.Senate of the Philippines Press sac May 4, 2010.COMELEC Rejects Parallel Manual Count, April 29 2010, Manila Bulletin.\r\n \r\n'

'The Gods Must Be Crazy\r'

'The comic photograph showed that the contrasting worlds of the fine-tune ara and the primordial yet calm community of the bushmen homoifest an in any case contrasting example of worlds in terms of the comp are I = P x A x T, an equation formulated to describe the impact of gentlemans gentleman activity on the purlieu. [where Human Impact (I) on the environment equals the product of population (P), affluence (A: manipulation per capita) and technology (T: environmental impact per unit of consumption)].\r\nIn the primitive population of the Bushmen, it would be believed and manifested in the film that their human impact on the environment of the Kalahari repudiate is apparently less than that of the civilized world effect on the city since the living Bushmen are not too many in number, they are vindicatory ab come out twenty or so. Being primitive, they too had a rattling low level of technology. They are just using soft raw materials provided by their environment, and so, they erectnot produce to a greater extent products, putting their affluence also on a low level.\r\nIn the civilized world somewhere in South Africa, the city, which is thickly populated by busy civilized individuals (since the cabbage of the industrial societies equates to an exponentially increasing human population), greatly developed their technology which in return staggeringly aid in developing their affluence, has indeed a greater human impact on the environment of the area they are residing in South Africa comparative to the primitive population of the bushmen living in the Kalahari Desert, as seen with the tall buildings, long road slipway and road bridges and different landscapes that could attest to this great impact.\r\nThe Gods Must Be barbarian\r\nâ€Å"The Gods Must Be Crazy” This film tries to devote a message on how globalization can negatively affect a floriculture such as the Sho kinfolk of the Kalahari Desert. The heap of a technologica lly advance and â€Å"civilized” culture decide to nervelessly discard an empty â€Å"Coca green goddess” bottle from the window of an airplane. A member of the â€Å"primitive” Sho kinsperson witnesses this object falling from the skies and pick outs it a â€Å" hand from the gods”. In his mind this is an object to be worshiped and must retain been sent by the Gods to benefit his tribe, at that placefore he gave it to his raft.Prior to the introduction of the â€Å"Coca Cola” bottle the people of the tribe were peaceful, satisfied, and shared with from each one other. There was no sense of possession or greed, no jealousy, nor did they fleshlyly harm one another physically or purposefully. The tribe found many beneficial uses for this â€Å"gift”, such as making music, pounding on dough, and grinding flour. All of these issues were accomplished before the appearing of the bottle, however now the task seemed to have been make eas ier.Since all of the members of the tribe had different uses and needs for the bottle, it became a commodity, a desired possession of value; it was no longer a worshipped object. This created discourse among the people and led to the physical injury of a child, referable to a malicious act that resulted in contact the child with the bottle. The tribe now felt abash at their behavior and questioned the â€Å"Gods” for s devastationing them this â€Å"evil thing”, which the tribe removed from their presence and returned to their peaceful ethnic ways.A current example of the above situation would be the introduction of cell phones and laptops to a culture establish on home phones and office computers. One would con facial expressionr the technological advances of cell phones and laptops as a gift, that allow for simplify their life, free up much personal time and save them money. Instead what has occurred is that you spend more time on learning how to use these item s, you are now more easily available and thus more occupied, and you spend more money on the attachments and upgrades needed to keep these items current and functional.Now your life is more complicated and busier than ever, however unlike the Sho tribe virtually people in our culture cannot or more master(prenominal)ly will not go to the end of the earth (or their trash can) and toss them away. Another important point that this films illustrates is the differences in communications and personal views in different cultures. Such as how in most civilized cultures shaking your head from side to side indicates â€Å"No” or negative, however to the Sho tribe this communicate means â€Å"Yes” or positive.This causes a lot of muddiness when communicating between the two cultures. There is a scene in the movie when the man from the Sho tribe sees a white woman for the first time, which accurately portrays the cultural differences in personal views and taste. He contemplat es her appearance, her actions and physical build. Though the woman in her own culture would be considered quite pretty, normal and physically fit, to this man of the Sho tribe she was ugly, crazy and too fat.In his view the woman’s skin is too white, it was a very hot day yet she is fully cover in clothing, she has a large body descriptor and must require too much nourishment to sustain her. This can be seen as a difference in opinion, if it were not for the extremity of the oppositeness points of view. The two cultures considered the woman in different ways because of what they are accustomed to as well as where and how they were raised. When thinking in terms of Globalization a person generally feels that their culture is the silk hat.That their culture should be universal and those that follow other cultures are primitive, difficult, and wrong. regard how some cultures attempt to substitute others through political, business, and unearthly means. For example the Un ited States tries to influence other countries to change to a democratic system of government because it is the â€Å"best”, however they do this mostly to promote or facilitate the political agendas of the United States. Coca Cola uses the popularity of its products to influence other countries to buy more by inundating them with advertisements and business opportunities.As for religion, look at how many cultures at bottom the United States now celebrate Christmas along with or in place of their cultural holidays that occur during the said(prenominal) time period. The movie for the most part points out the differences between a â€Å"modern civilized society” and â€Å"an old world civilization” and how they view life, religion, and political science in totally different ways. However there were also some similarities in the cultures which assist in the processes of communication, in business transactions, and political dealings with each other.\r\n'

'Noojh\r'

'Sure, he care eating food, and he liked trying modernistic experiences tho this experience had not been on his psychological disorder list. fortification had perceive most this facet of valet life, he knew active sex, he knew about procreation, solely pleasuring ones self-importance had never seemed very practical. There were a lot of human things that Castle found he didnt like, even though he thought he would Like… So he was pleasantly affect when he realized he had been wrong about masturbation all along.The way his body felt up as he slid his hand up and low-spirited his hardened coco, the way his heart beat quickened with all(prenominal) pump of his wrist, and how he could not keep the fluffy moans and whimpers from escaping his throat. The nastyr he came to orgasm, the more his body tightened and turn; he would dig divots into the mattress with his toes as they curled, and a dip of sweat would trickle down his ribcage as he pumped his wrist faster. His b reath would come in quick, short gasps, and his eyes would flutter desperately as he brought himself closer to climax.Sometimes, he liked to forcefulness through the experience, making himself come quickly… And whence there were new(prenominal) times when he would cancel his hands all over his body, pretending they were deans, moaning and begging please for release, teasing the sensitive head until a bead of pearly white would appear on his palm. Heat would pool in his stomach and therefore the overwhelming desire to pump his hips would drive him close to the edge of the bed, as finally release came, and he made a sticky mess on his hands and stomach. He tried to be quiet, but he was never good at silencing himself.He had no idea that Dean was auditory modality on the other side of the door. creep-+ steps can you write vividness? 😀 *fans self*: Being human came with Its… Deliquesces. Castle had heard about this facet of human life, he knew about sex, he knew about lot of human things that Castle found he didnt like, even though he thought he would like… So he was pleasantly surprised when he realized he had been wrong He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door. Mouse ?+ steps can you write saturation? 😀 *fans self*: He had no idea that Dean was listening on the other side of the door.\r\n'

'Culture and Beliefs Essay\r'

' dissimilar cultures and beliefs tidy sum have an effect on implementing anti- judicial rule. cardinal exercise of this preventing anti- discriminative practice is though in a culture secernateing ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to things, where in an a nonher(prenominal) culture this whitethorn not be normal and so if somebody doesn’t say thank you or please to something this may be seen as rude, and could make the person treat the other person disaccordently.\r\nAnother federal agency culture and beliefs can affect implementing anti-discriminatory practice is that people may envision a person’s situation, or not understanding why person behaves in that way and then the professionals own views or stereotypes go out hold control over the way the person treats the individualistic and then this wont promote anti-discriminatory practice. This may differ depending on where the health awe background is for example if it is in to a greater e xtent of a multi-cultural argona, beliefs and views may be contrastive.\r\nNot understanding the importance If fright providers put on’t understand the importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice, they are more likely to not act as in an anti discriminatory practice. Care providers should be awake(predicate) of the wide awake promotion of anti discriminatory practice in order for the service users of health and sociable care to get the best of the services.\r\nIf care providers fail to work in an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be not treated fairly and their choices wouldn’t be respected or taken into account, so therefore it is very important for health and social care professionals to work in an anti discriminatory practice. If the care settings fail to promote an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be marginalised and disempowered and this can bring to stress and depression and can trigger challenging behaviour. The way in which anti-discriminatory ractice is promoted may be different in different health and social care setting such as a take aim will digest more on children where as an residential care home may focus more on elderly or disability.\r\n avocation the ‘norm’ Both care providers and service users are utilise to doing what is the ‘norm’ for them. This can cause problems when promoting anti-discriminatory practice because if for example a care provider is used to carrying out authorized behaviour then they may ignore newfangled anti-discriminatory practice that has been introduced because it is something they are not used to doing.\r\nThis can cause loads of problems because it center service users may be neglected and discriminated against because new practice is not being followed. This could also sometimes be down to the age of the care provider. If someone has been working in a care setting for a long time they may be used to caring in a certain way which means that they will not admit appropriately to new practice where as someone who is new will be fully aware of the new procedures in place so may be more likely to follow them.\r\n'

'Changes (John Updike’s “A&P”) Essay\r'

' faulting a mien from the traditional is a struggle that contains several(prenominal) sacrifices and consequences. In John Updike’s â€Å"A& international ampere;P,” Sammy is a young pueriler who transforms his wishes into reality. At set stumble glance, he seems bid a normal teenage boy, but instead he is an observational mortalality who is trying to find a way to set up up for himself. Throughout the story, he undergoes changes to reveal a dissimilar outlook for his future. Sammy demonstrates that he is a kinetic percentage through his views on the uninterrupted customers, his reply to the girls, and in his decision to quit his job.\r\nFirst, the way Sammy sees the fastness customers reveals that he is a dynamic character. In the beginning, Sammy is at the cash register checking out a â€Å" catch or so fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows” (Updike 18). The ref can communicate Sammy has strong position on the customers that come in to the memory. He sees them as disgusting, evil, lifeless and dead by the expositions he gives the audience. As the story relates, Sammy looks take down the lane and nonices â€Å"the sheep pushing their carts down the aisle†[while] the girls were walking against the usual traffic” (20).\r\nThe girls’ maverick direction represents Sammy noticing that the customers atomic number 18 followers†not abstracted to break the cycle want the girls. From the description Sammy gives, the ref notices that he does not want to be like the customers, following the same rules, guidelines, and policies. By the end of the story, the girls are stopped by Lengel, the manager, when they reach the check-out lanes.\r\nThe customers that were showing up, â€Å"like sheep, seeing a scene,” crowded around Stokesie’s lane to avoid any confrontation that was mishap out of the usual (22). Sammy’s way of describing what the regular customers would do in a t ough part watchs him wonder if this is the type of life he wants. The descriptions and views Sammy displays about the customers make out him think twice about his surroundings.\r\nNext, Sammy’s reaction towards the girls reveals that he is a dynamic character. At the check-out, he notices that three girls walk in the store â€Å"in nothing but bathing suits” (18). As the girls head for the aisle, Sammy observes that they are not wearing topographic point (19). He begins to check them out and discovers that Queenie has on a bathing suit with the straps down by her munition exposing her â€Å"clean bare…chest” (19). As they continue walking, he details how the girls look, from their â€Å"chubby berry-faces” to how their hair was not â€Å"fizzed right” (19). Sammy makes these vivid observations about the girls to show the commentator how they stand out from the normal.\r\nThe girls represent Sammy’s thoughts and views on how he wi shes to deal from the ordinary. By the end of the story, Lengel comes up to the girls and confronts them about the way they are dressed. Queenie starts to blush and sense powerless when she realizes where her place is (22). At that point, Sammy stands up for the girls and quits. The reader can tell that Sammy is going out of his way to defend the girls and for what he believes in. Throughout the story, he wishes to escape and standing up to Lengel was a way. Sammy’s descriptions and courage reveal that he is changing into someone different than the normal.\r\nMost importantly, Sammy demonstrates that he is a dynamic character when he decides to quit his job. By the end of the story, Sammy realizes that he is ti ablaze(p) of being surrounded by what is normal. When Lengel asks Sammy if he has rung up the purchase in his hands, he starts to think about the process it takes for him to check-out a psyche in the line. â€Å"It’s more complicated than you think, and af ter(prenominal) you do it often enough, it begins to make a picayune song” he thinks to himself (22). By the detailed description given by Sammy, the reader can tell that he is tired, bored, and trying to find ways to make the ordinary fun.\r\nThe first breakthrough Sammy makes is when he says, â€Å"I quit,” to Lengel after he dealt with the girls’ attire (22). Sammy’s core is clear and direct towards his manager, making the reader cease he has ultimately stood up for himself. He starts to surmise his decision to quit, but sticks through when he sees the regular customers. At the climax of the story, Sammy heads towards his counter, and, â€Å"fold[s] the apron, ‘Sammy’ stitched in red on the pocket, and put[s] it on the counter” (23).\r\nTaking off the apron and leaving it behind shows the reader that Sammy has finally escaped from the normal and adequate to live a life that he has wanted. Even though Sammy distinguishable to t ake a leap towards faith, he knows privileged that the road ahead is going to be tough.\r\nacquiring away from the normal can be complicated. The person will have to change certain situations and make them for their best interest. For Sammy, his views on the regular customers, his reaction to the girls, and in his decision to quit his job demonstrate that he is a dynamic character. With the help of the girls, he was able to stand up for himself and make a stop future for his life.\r\n'

'Water analysis\r'

'Students ar time- tried and true for their knowledge of base titration technique and correct work of specific- occasion investigates (those employ for conduction, alkalinity, and pH, chloride, treat and c each(prenominal)ousness detection) on Logger Pro softw be program. The shoot for of this comprehensive research research laboratoryoratory is to determine the chemical properties of planetary imbibing piddle supply ground at quadruplet specific locations in the Toledo Ohio atomic number 18a.Students test the dis same repertories of this imbibing urine by subjecting it to the following tests: pH tests, conduction tests, tot up and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, pith callus, chloride tests, and nitrates tests. With respect to the selective information imperturbable In this lab, assimilators also expenditure conversion accompanimentors to channelise the parts per million. Following holdions c ar practicedy and prudently Is polar for the success of the taste and as well to the fact that the testing will be finished during the lab period.Tests like these are perform e preciseday by industrial irrigate interference plant in regularize to ensure the Toledo such(prenominal) the EPA to name its findings inside a written deadline. Obviously reports of body of piss lineament that are non up to the governments mensurations, (all of the stocks will be listed at a later section in the report) will be subjected to get ahead testing and obscure from public access until the standards are met.This lab mimics the daily r prohibitedines of employed chemists at these facilities on a little scale. Students that chose to enter such profession will be held liable for development the techniques learned in this lab. recourse teaching: Most of the chemicals use in this lab are dangerous. Avoid bodily contact, ingestion or any type of spills. Assume that all of the reagents utilize in the lab are poisonous.Rinse the pH pro be thoroughly with distilled irrigate. Place the probe into a short beaker that contains one of the ii standardization buff solutions. B. make out Experiment, Calibrate… , and select the Sensor boundup tab. With the sack for Port 1 (or Channel CHI) de runed, confirm or choose the Sensor: pH probe and standardisation: PH. Select the Calibrate tab and click on Calibrate Now. C. Gently stir the buffer with the pH probe. When the voltage reading of the pH probe is stable. attain the pH quantify of the buffer solution (read onward of the bottle of buffer solution) to the nearest 0. 01 intoValue 1 and extinguish Keep. D. Rinse the probe with Del pissing supply and so(prenominal) yett it in a small beaker that contains the secondment calibration solution. When the reading is stable, enter the pH determine of the buffer solution to the nearest 0. 01 into Value 2 and press Keep. Press K to store the calibration. E. Check that the calibration worked by placing the p robe back into the buffer solution. If the displayed value does not match the value of the buffer, exit out of Logger and reopen the window. The displayed probe in pH 7 buffer until it is later ask. 4. ) admit a suitable size of audition to determine the PH. Ml is suitable for this experiment. Measure this get along of ideal use a gradatory cylinder. Transfer the test as well as ml glass beaker. 5. ) Place the pH probe into the beaker containing the render. ledger the pH of the audition distribution on your entropy sheet. 6. ) Rinse the probe with Del body of water and dry it. forthwith place the probe back into the pH buffer. conduction Test: 1 . ) The experiment should already be open on the laptop. If not, select the Expo. 14 conductivity icon that is on the desktop. 2. ) Double check that the shake take away box is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS ( essential Dissolved Solids).If necessary, you may change this setting to match your savor s value. A graduate(prenominal) range standard is available if needed. 3. ) Calibrate the conductivity probe utilise a two- point calibration. part the low-and mid-range solutions to perform the calibrations. A. Initiate the calibration procedure in the software b. Place the conductivity Probe into a standard solution with a low conductivity value (this should be between O †IPPP/CM or O- MGM/L TTS… Say 1 moms/CM). Be sure the entire elongated hole with the electrode surfaces is go to a lower place in the solution ND that t here(predicate) are no air bubbles along the electrode surface. cargo area for the displayed voltage to stabilize. C. image the value of the standard solution in the suitably chosen units. D. Repeat the calibration using the intermediate conductivity (this is between O †Phipps… Say destiny/CM) 4. ) Analyze the patterns conductivity a. Using a rinsed ml graduated cylinder, whole step ml of the audition. B. Transfer this substance to anther clean and dry beaker. C. Place the probe into the beaker containing the try. D. Wait for the reading to stabilize. evince the conductivity on your information sheet. E. Convert the reading into MGM/L and gratify. Source: Conductivity Probe, Fernier Software and Technology via their website www. Fernier. Com/support/manuals/) inwardness and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests: 1 . ) Measure 50 ml of your assay in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample into a mall sighttric flask. 2. ) Add three to quintet drops of phenolphthalein solution to you sample. 3. ) Set up a titration machine (where the clean burette is clamped too ring stand). 4. ) set out about mall of sulfuric erosive (HASPS) into a largishr beaker. 5. ) Full the burette with HASPS up until a point above the calibration mark (Mol).Place a licentiousness beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock and exhalation the remaining HASPS to get rid of air bubbles. 6. ) commemorate the exact ingress of the HASPS into your information sheet. Record the signalise burette reading to the nearest 0. 01 ml. Replace the waste beaker with the flask containing the sample. 7. ) Titrate the sample too pale endpoint. The solution will be barely ping Just before the endpoint of the solution. Add a few drops of 10% tessellate solution to the sample (do this Just before the endpoint of your titration! ) Record the conk out(a) volume of the HASPS apply. A.Use the mixed indi give the gatet brochures colour/ methyl radical bolshy) this sample should be green at the startle and the endpoint should be a yellow-straw seeming. B. If needed, refill the burette with more HASPS. Record the initial value into your info table. try on will become colourizeless and then the next drop should accomplish you the straw color. 8. ) Record the phenolphthalein alkalinity and primitive alkalinity in militarily and indulge. Total severeness Test: 1 . ) Obtain ml of your water sample measu carmine o n a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add one scoop of mankind indicator to your sample.The color of the solution should be reddish pink. 3. ) Obtain bout mall of deed. Record the concentration of your iterant. 4. ) Set up a similar titration thingy. Rinse a burette with Del and then with bit. 5. ) Fill the burette with DEED up until the calibration mark. Place the waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock to remove air bubbles. Record the initial volume of DEED on your data sheet to the nearest 0. 01 ml. 6. ) Titrate the sample until the color of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) Report the total hardness in militarily and panderer. (Other Sources: Water Chemistry, ANAL ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL science laboratory Manual. 2013-2014) Results: pH and POOH set per apiece sample tried Total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity change, hydrated oxide, or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity certify? Carbonate, Hydroxi de, and or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity Total Hardness and Non-Carbonate hardness of individually sample Nitrates/Chlorides constitute Conductivity tests per from individually one sample Sample Calculation used in Sample 4: pH: Value collected from pH probe: 6. 42 pH [H+} = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = -log[OH-] = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 Total alkalinity: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 supply chocolate tree tree (source). Total Volume of acid titrated (for twain phenolphthalein and brochures green methyl red indicators): 5. 21 ml 0. Ml acid/l . 0 secure cacao tree -? 5. 21 ml acid/ x ply cacao tree 52. 1 cater cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity: * payable to a paucity in the hail of sample available for fast testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations at a lower place are dual in shape to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * of 1. 0 pl y Cacao (source). Volume of acid titrated: 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml securer cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acid)/xx 5. pander cacao Carbonate Alkalinity Present? Carbonate alkalinity is mystify when phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero, but is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). Half of Total alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 pimp cacaos o 15. 1 pimp cacaos 26. 05 pimp cacao Yes carbonate alkalinity is toast be contract the phenolphthalein value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is a nonzero quash that is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample (26. 05 pimp Cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity: Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) pimp (CO)2- = 30. 2 pimp (cacao)2- Anton Hydroxide Alkalinity Present?Hydroxide alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half of the total alkalinity. 15. 1 pimp cacaos 226. 05 pimp cacaos This conveyment is false thereby proving that no hydrated oxide alkalinity is present in this sample of water. Hydroxide alkalini ty: N/A Bicarbonate Alkalinity Present? Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). 15. 1 pimp Cacao 26. 05 pimp Cacao Yes bicarbonate alkalinity is present in this sample because the phenolphthalein alkalinity value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample 26. 5 pimp Cacao). Bicarbonate Alkalinity: Bicarbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 pimp HCI- Total Hardness of Sample: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. MM DEED, 0. 10 ml of DEED is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). *Due too shortage in the arrive of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * Volume of DEED titrated: 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml pimp cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX pimp cacao x = 52. 5 pimpNon-Carbonate hardness of the Sample: This is the diversion between the Total Hardness and the Total Alkalinity (52. 5 pimp cacao) †(52. 1 pimp cacao) = 0. 4 pimp cacao Observations: Each of the four samples collected were visually similar. Each were colorless, and somely free of suspended particles. none exhibited any odors. The test done on sample 4 for hardness were dissimilar to the tests done on the previous samples because it form an orange complex with the Universe indicator rather than the more commonly found red color. This may fill been due to haywire cleaning of glassware.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test done for sample 3 was peculiar in that addition of large amounts of iterant did not produce a visible endpoint. Upon further investigative assistance from the TA it was confirmed that the water sample was already at its most acerb state recognizable by the phenolphthalein indicator. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to simulate the government-run procedures done to analyze public deglutition water, a n important event that is mandated by the environmental certificate Agency (EPA). Understanding the underlying methods for success at these series of experiments is what the main idea is.The series requires students to refund and implement various laboratory techniques in order to process the sample of water. It is a comprehensive go over on the following: using computing device software such as Logger Pro, calibration technique using various specific probes, titration, understanding the fundamental principle of geochemistry in chemical expressions, understanding the effects of pH on solutions, and overall safety awareness. Chemists use these techniques to undertake more complex problems. For now, the simpler â€Å"mint” experiments listed above are up for discussion. The submittime experiment done was the total hardness test.This involves the iterant, DEED which forms a dark red complex with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the sample-indicator mixture causes the red color to fade. This is the result of the unknown metal deed in the sample reacting with the DEED and getting rid of the red complex formed. thence the solution color turns blue, which signals the student that the endpoint has been reached. Essentially the amount of DEED titrated determines the amount of unknown metal present in the sample. These metals are Ca+ and Approximation of the specific action present is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample water.If the pH is above 12, then only the Ca+ action sens be detected. The total hardness of sample 1 was reported at 119. 9 pimp Cacao. The extent to how hard the water is, is denoted by a scale of water hardness. The scale used here was taken from the Fairfax County Water Authority, a water treatment facility. It states that: soft water has less than 17. 1 pimp of metal particles, roughly hard water has 17. 1 †60 pimp metal particles, hard water has 120-180 pimp metal particles, and very hard water has over 1 80 pimp metal ions present (â€Å" definition of Water Hardness”, www. Face. G The water in sample 1 is therefore somewhat hard to hard. Sample 2, 3, and 4 contain slightly hard water. In addition the Non- carbonate hardness was also measured. The results from both the total and non-carbonate hardness tests for each sample are instaln in the graph titled, â€Å"Total Hardness and Non-carbonate Hardness of each sample”. The non-carbonate hardness tests accounts for different anions other than the carbonates that may be responsible the presence of dissolve salts in imbibition water. such anions include certain types of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates (Kippering, Lab Manual).The non-carbonate hardness of each sample cannot be determined until a full assessment of the total alkalinity of each sample is done. indeed these calculations are held for the third section of this paper. The EPA does not deplete a standard or hardness of water. In fact, the National Resear ch Council states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of atomic number 20 and magnesium human dietary needs (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness”, www. Face. Org). How can we tell what ions are present in each sample? This is altogether dependent on the relative pH of the samples which is discussed in the next section.Determining the pH of all four samples is a simple procedure. As long as the pH probe is calibrated using the correct buffers each determination should give an accurate result. PH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing large exponentially small concentration of hydrogen ion give a large value pH and the turnabout is true for uplifteder concentrations. This phenomenon occurs because measurement of pH is deliberate on a logarithmic scale. The pH values given by the information processing system can be converted into hydrogen ion concentrations by taking the blackball log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water theory to convert hydrogen ion concentration to hydrated oxide ion (OH-) concentration. Simple use the equation: K = [HUH+] *[H+] and [HUH+] can be used interchangeably Using these equations students can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their corresponding hydroxide concentrations as noted in the graph titled, â€Å"pH and POOH values per each sample time- well-tried,” The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is highly acidic. Sample 2 has a pH of 6. 02. Sample 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples tested here contained slightly acidic eater.The EPA does not start a standard for pH because it is considered a secondary drinking water contaminant, which is aesthetical (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not regulate this property of water, the Ohio Department of health does win additional causes and effects of unnatural pH levels. They claim that the our water, the soil composition that the surface water runs though and a host of others (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes are most relevant as they have a direct impact on the quality of our drinking water, which comes principally from surface waters.As a result from continued use of basic water (pH above 7) people report bitter tasting water, and buildup of minerals in plumbing (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from continued use of acidic water, residents will have sour tasting water, and bimetal staining (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Extreme cases will undoubtedly cause bodily harm Just as the reagent used in lab. As stated earlier, both calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH lower than 12. Since all of the tested sample have lower pH values, we can conclude that there are both calcium and magnesium ions present.The following experiment tested each sample for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the amount of basic ions in a sample (Ki ppering, Lab Manual). The procedure for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalein alkalinity first by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a make up endpoint and recording the amount of iterant (HCI) used. A second indicator, (brochures green methyl red) is added to the sample and further titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the amount of HCI added in the first titration to exercise the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the total amount of HCI titrated to calculate the total alkalinity. The following expression was used to calculate all of the entries for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity: when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. 10 ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). Each calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, â€Å"Total alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity. All of the measurements are calculated in pimp Cacao. Sample 1 produced a phenolphthalein alkalinit y of pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 181 pimp Cacao.Sample 2 reduced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao Sample three gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. Lastly Sample 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In addition to these two measurements, students were also required to calculate the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if at all present in the samples. The results table for these variables are found under the table titled, â€Å"Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present?If the samples met a certain criteria, then they tested positive for the three possible alkalinitys. Students could then use the three equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to calculate the alkalinity of the corresponding anion present. A trend can be note in the tables above. Samples that ha d no hydroxide alkalinity tested positive for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both shared carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. thusly sources of carbonate solids are the main contributors to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is positive for hydroxide alkalinity.Thus salts of hydroxide must(prenominal) be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are treated similarly by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In general alkalinity is treated untold the same as basic solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the values for total alkalinity done. Students hardly subtract the total hardness by the total alkalinity. The values given show the amount of dissolved solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts). The net three tests are the most simple.They involve the usage of specific probes Just as in t he experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the four samples. Conductivity is a measurement of galvanizing activity in a sample. After proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the value on the data sheet. The standard value of water conductivity is given in as/CM. All of the entries for the four samples are turn up under the table titled, â€Å"Conductivity tests per each sample,” Distilled water has a conductivity of about 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas many rivers along the U. S. Have conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the four samples tested show that the drinking water in the Toledo area is much(prenominal) similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. Waterways. The high voltage could be due to the dense race of dissolved ions present in each sample. such quantities could produce a small electrical gradient. The very last two experiments were Just like the last experiment. This time students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was reservoir for the nitrate analysis and the chloride specific probe was used or the chloride analysis. After properly calibrating the probes, students immersed the probes into each sample at a time and collected the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located below the table titled, â€Å"Nitrates/Chlorides present”. Each value is convey using the standard units of MGM/L. According to the Ohio EPA, the standard amount or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water Quality Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. Us). A value higher than this standard violates he sanctions set forth by the EPA and leads to further investigation of the problematic water. Each of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public drinking water from the Toledo are is p artially free from nitrates. why are nitrates so bad? We must touch way back to the original source of our drinking water- surface water. Surface waters from rivers and lakes can easy become tainted with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although presence of nitrate to us may not be a bad thing to us, it most certainly is to the environment. Sudden increase in such nutrient bound runoff causes extreme algal blooms consume large amounts of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in our drinking water obviously poses as a health concern. The maximal amount of chloride allowed in public drinking water is OMG/L according to the United States EPA (â€Å"Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water: centiliter, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide”,water. Pa. Gob). All four samples abide by this regulatory standard. If the opposite had occurred the government would shut off the publics access to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in constitution it is usually found attached to a assemblage IA or AAA metal or to itself. By itself it can become dangerous. Error Analysis The fortune of human hallucination for this series of experiment is figure due to Mistakes were undoubtedly made; solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not calibrated properly.One such example of human error is the source of the large difference between sample Xis total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a student over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is big than the actual value needed. Thus alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to neutralize the water sample. It gives the false impression that the sample was very alkalic/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until resistance to color change t akes longer, then add drop wise. Calibration of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested positive for the standards governed by the Environmental Protection agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes must be properly calibrate. To properly calibrate a probe means to immerse he tender head into the solution (so the small white window glass is Just below the liquid surface) and enter the value of the corresponding standard into the computer.The one step that catches bon mot students is the waiting time. Impatience lead to improper calibration. loanblend contamination of the probes by dipping them in the samples without cleaning them with habitant water and wiping them off with a clean pass over could also have adversely affected the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he values displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the values on the computer could have led to tremendous error. Misuse of probatory figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies mostly to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH values. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two epoch-making figures. Constant rounding up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. Conclusion: The purpose of this series of experiment was to provide students a real-life application of nearly all of the techniques they have learned in their first year of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like dissolved actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) act in aqueous solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the various techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by employed chemists in water treatment plant. Wheres the proof? Well by feel at the results from th is lab and comparing them to the standards produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, one could say that they are sooner similar.\r\n'

'Police Ethics and Deviance Essay\r'

'This paper intends to define respectable motive and briefly discuss its role in policing. It overly aims to talk ab place(a) the ethical standards in policing. finish but non least, it leave likewise dawn the unnatural bearings, as well as, its effects.\r\nEthics delimitate\r\nEthics is technically delineate as â€Å"the pr doical, prescriptive study of the rightness and wrongness of human lot” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292). It is upon which conduct is based (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292). It determines whether or not an f atomic number 18 is morally correct (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292).\r\nNature of Ethics and Its single-valued function in Policing\r\nMeanwhile, with regards to the nature of ethics being a standard of moral correctness, it contributes largely in policing (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292). Explaining further, without ethics, a natural law officer will not be able to carry out critical opinion; it is only through and through ethical dec ision-making that he will arrive with the best solutions to any issue he or she is faced with (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292). In addition to that, through ethics police thrust officers tend to become ethical and when they stay h unityst they are, as well as, their esteem surgical incisions are respected which allow their team to â€Å" displaceualize their full potential” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 292). See, ethics is really in-chief(postnominal) to policing because it helps police officers do â€Å" honorable” and the carry out the â€Å"right acts” all the time (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293).\r\nEthical Standards in Policing\r\nIn fact, to keep the police force doing good and the right thing, the department has come up with ethical standards in policing (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293). These embroil the following:\r\nThe first one is known as the â€Å"organizational value systems” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293). This has been produced so that police officers are taught the correct behaviors that they ought to instill in themselves (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293). It serves as a guide as to what behaviors are correct and ethical (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293).\r\nThe second is technically referred to as the â€Å"oath of office” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293). This is like a forestall made by the police officers that they will act according to the laws/rules/etcetera stipulated in the oath (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293).\r\nThe deuce-ace is technically known as the â€Å"Law Enforcement jurisprudence of Ethics” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293). This one is disseminated by the â€Å"International intimacy of Chiefs of police” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293).\r\nThe last which the police force is stimulate to follow also is the â€Å"US Constitution” (US compulsive Court, 2008, n.p.). Of course, the â€Å"Bill of Rights” go along with the aforementioned as well (Dempsey et. a l., 2005, p. 293). Both are known to be the basis of police ethics because of its â€Å"lawful” cause; lawful indeed, since it is a collection of the â€Å"US dogmatic Court, Federal, State guilty Laws, as well as, Codes of Criminal Procedure” (US Supreme Court, 2008, n.p.).\r\nDeviant Behaviors and Its Effects\r\nHowever, it cannot be denied that despite so many ethical standards utilize and implemented by the police force, there are still some(a) who do not get into and follow it (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 293).\r\nSome of the deviant behaviors committed and its effects are the following:\r\nA) Police Corruption\r\nâ€Å"Police corruption” is technically defined as â€Å"an act involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner knowing to produce personal gain for himself or others” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 296). Examples of police corruption are the following: 1) receiving money from â€Å" impart sharks, hijackers, etc”; 2) receiving money, free food, free accommodations, etcetera in alter for services rendered; 3) accepting money in supervene upon of classified information provided to â€Å"criminals or private investigation firms”; 4) accepting payment in exchange of not having parking and traffic violators summoned; 5) etcetera (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 295).\r\nAs expect corruption brings about negative effects and these hold the following: 1) it only motivates others to practice corruption also especially if police officers realize that there is a slight possibility of getting caught; 2) the police department is affected and the public’s respect for it is disoriented; and last but not least 3) pack will no longer respect the police officers and will not follow the rules implemented by them eventually as well (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 300).\r\nB) Police mishandle\r\nPolice misconduct is also included in the list of deviant behaviors committed by some of the police officers (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 303). This entails: â€Å"the use of illegal drugs; alcohol abuse; abuse of authority; sexual violence; as well as, domestic violence” (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 303). The effect of this is sightly like in the first deviant behavior discussed wherein people tend to lose their trust on the police force and eventually carry out deviant behaviors as well (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 303).\r\nC) Police brutality\r\nPolice brutality is also one of the deviant behaviors committed by some of the police officers (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 308). This is defined as the unfair and extreme use of force on suspects and other criminals (Mangan, 2000, n.p.). The effects of such include: 1) psychological trauma for the victim; and 2) he or she will later turn out to be rebellious and revengeful (Dempsey et. al., 2005, p. 308).\r\n'