Business Ethics and social responsibility Essay

Business Ethics and social responsibility - Essay Example Since these are costly ethical activities that seem irrelevant to the business goal of maximizing owner value, many businesses choose to bluff and engage in some amount of deception and mask these little sins by justifying them with ethical theories that say such acts are ethical under the circumstances. This report examines these theories and perspectives on business ethics to determine if businesses can be forgiven for unethical behavior and, if so, at what point should one draw the demarcation line. Business ethics has been the focus of passionate debates since the time of Plato and Socrates. The possible reason for the diverging views is that people always have different concepts and perceptions of what is good or bad, and what is right and wrong. Aronson (2001) believes the study of business ethics can help provide the standards for determining what behavior is good and bad or what is right and wrong. The literature on business ethics suggests ways to discuss the many different perspectives or theories by grouping them according to their similarities. The most frequently used perspectives fall under two groups of theory called deontology and teleology. Deontology is also described as formalism while teleology is utilitarianism, which means that the former is non-consequentialist while the latter is consequentialist (Christensen, 2005). In ethics, formalism is defined as a concept that views an act as right or wrong irrespective of the consequences, while utilitarianism holds that right conduct is determined by its usefulness in promoting the most good for the largest number of persons and thus keeps an eye on the consequences of the act. From these definitions, one can start forming an idea of which of deontology and teleology is the better ethical approach to business. 2.a. Teleology & Deontology Teleology and deontology essentially uphold the same behavior that businesses should observe, which is business ethics. They differ only in their perspectives, means and desired results. Teleological theories focus on the "what" whereas the deontological view looks at the "how" of ethical behavior (Christensen, 2005). This means that in teleology, the outcome is more important than the intent, which is the reverse in deontology. Accordingly, teleology and deontology are traditionally seen as opposing viewpoints, with the former looking into the future to determine the best outcomes for everyone while the latter looking back in history to establish ethical guideposts from traditional culture and religion (Brady, 1985). Teleology is defined as the theory in which the only right-making properties are those that promote the good (Gaus, 2001). As for deontology, it is the perspective of doing what is morally right, regardless of the amount of good or evil that results from the act (Christ ensen,2005). Thus, teleology promotes what is good, while deontology promotes what is right (Gaus, 2001). For teleology, the more important thing is the outcome and less the behavior. It is the other way around for deontology. 2.b. Deontology at Work Deontology is derived from the Greek words deon (duty) and logos

Social Influences on Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Influences on Behavior - Essay Example As far as it is impossible for him not to talk on the phone while driving (he works outside the office and thus is to be available and easy of access at all times) there is supposed to be some way to make him more attentive and careful (Knobloch and Solomon 2003). Following the theory of social influences it is possible to say that this behavior is doing dissonance. This behavior is characterized by free choice of actions, no rewards and no excuse. The main focus is on behavior and practical outcomes. This is supposed to be such a principle as negative reinforcement. But Christopher's behavior (if changed) will be difficult to control. So this variant of influence can be used as additional and a kind of a safety net. What is more likely to have its positive effect on Christopher's driving behavior is such principle as respondent conditioning. This principle is supposed to be used in order to establish certain response based on methods developed and described by Ivan Pavlov and his di sciples. There are some possibilities of making Christopher be more careful on the way while talking on his cell-phone. First of all, it is possible to engage his close relatives (and even friends) into the process and ask them to constantly remind Christopher to be careful.

How Does Social Context Contribute to the Definition of Value in Music Essay

How Does Social Context Contribute to the Definition of Value in Music - Essay Example This essay approves that music is coherently considered to be the gift of a lifetime. Ever since its evolution, music has remained an integral part of society, culture and now even education. As a result of its affective power, music is seen to improve the learning environment. Social context provides a platform in the recognition of value in music. Music is it found in expressing religion as well as celebrations encompassing weddings, funerals, festivals, etc. No human community has ever been discovered without music. This enables us to think that music is not only a derivative of human activity but also a predominant part of human community. This report makes a conclusion that from the dawn of human civilization music has persistently remained embedded in the everyday life of individuals around the globe. The fact that no society or culture is ever been untouched by music enables us to acknowledge that music is the very core of our lives. Each society or culture is characterized by its distinct form of music. The hip-hop music or the pop music for example exhibits its unique kind of culture like dress, language, etc. Music is responsible in adding elegance to a particular culture. With its intrinsic values it coherently touches our souls and acts as an active contributor in the social context. It encourages creativity, provides the opportunity to perform in public and acts as an excellent means of communication as well.

Social Influences on Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Influences on Behavior - Essay Example As far as it is impossible for him not to talk on the phone while driving (he works outside the office and thus is to be available and easy of access at all times) there is supposed to be some way to make him more attentive and careful (Knobloch and Solomon 2003). Following the theory of social influences it is possible to say that this behavior is doing dissonance. This behavior is characterized by free choice of actions, no rewards and no excuse. The main focus is on behavior and practical outcomes. This is supposed to be such a principle as negative reinforcement. But Christopher's behavior (if changed) will be difficult to control. So this variant of influence can be used as additional and a kind of a safety net. What is more likely to have its positive effect on Christopher's driving behavior is such principle as respondent conditioning. This principle is supposed to be used in order to establish certain response based on methods developed and described by Ivan Pavlov and his di sciples. There are some possibilities of making Christopher be more careful on the way while talking on his cell-phone. First of all, it is possible to engage his close relatives (and even friends) into the process and ask them to constantly remind Christopher to be careful.

Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing - Essay Example The researcher states that the children and the old man illustrated on the picture were maybe on vocation before the cows joined them. The cows, one big and the other small maybe its calf splashes water to a great length along the river meaning they have just joined the children. One child sees to touching the big cow with his/her left hand while the other enjoying as depicted by facial expression. The old man behind the cows is maybe waiving or raising his left hand a coincidence with the child touching the cow with the left hand. This picture was taken along the river or water pond. There seems good relationship between the two animals and the children; one child is touching the cow as the other enjoys the event. This leads to speculation that the animals come from the same family with the children or the old man behind the cows owns them as well as the children. The presence of the boys and the cows in the river depicts different cultures in the world. Although people inherit vari ant cultures they have been integrating with different animals both kept domestically or aesthetic. Intact the boys taking â€Å"shower† with the cows along the river with a grown-up man looking at the happening depict complete societal inheritance. The picture represents the striking contrast between the intense light of sun reflection or camera flash light and sky darkness. This invites several interpretations of the image. The two children topless one touching the cow while the other enjoy depicts meditation of innocence. The topless children one on bluish shorts and the other on creamy short beside blackish cows inform of an old man represent extinction of innocence and dawn of reality. Although there is certainty of really what the children are doing with the cows and what the old man is doing or saying the children are so close to the cows and seems to be doing something sinister or off-limits. Despite this, the children seem to enjoy the company of the animals.

Compare and contrast of the three women Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast of the three women Essay Virgin Mary Mary is an important figure in catholic faith, Mother of Jesus Christ in physical body, she is also the spiritual Mother of the Church, the Bishops of the Second Vatican Council gave this title to her. We know little biographical information about Mary, our greatest source would be the books of Matthew, Mark, John and Luke. From these spiritual accounts and knowledge of the everyday circumstances she would have faced comes a picture of the Mary the shepherds would have found in Bethlehem: a woman who was young, devout, offended by injustice, devoted to her child, and, many believe, sorrowful in the knowledge of what his fate would be. Mary was bethroed to Joseph when the angel Gabriel appears to her and says she is to bear the son of God, she asks, How can this be, since I am a virgin? She is told that nothing is impossible with God. Marys consent and willingness to endure social injustice for God is an holy act in itself, as women suspected of adultery were often stoned to death. Throughout her life she seen as very holy and is believed to be the Immaculate Conception i.e. born without any sin. Although Mary herself is holy as well as all her acts, the most courageous act she did was watching her son die on the cross. Mary endured the pain because she was a good piteous woman devoted to God, she knew Jesus death was inevitable. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in May 12th 1820. She was an aristocrat born to wealthy British parents. At 16 Florence thought she heard the voice of God telling her that she had a special mission in life. Florence suspected it had something to do with nursing because as a young child she had always enjoyed caring for the sick. Traditionally she was meant to behave like a upper class lady, but Florence was reculant to do so, having found her passions elsewhere. She turned down suitors and social parties to instead take up studying health and medicine. As she was a woman of the upper class, this behaviour was not expected. A cultured lady of that day did not enter in hospital work and her familys opposition finally prevented her from  working in a hospital. She overcame this obstacle by studying at a protestant school for nursing. Later she became the superintendent of a hospital in London. At the Crimean War, Florence was asked to take charge of nursing. There she revolutionized hospital care. She cleaned up the hospital, set schedules, ordered supplies, and once the hospital was running smoothly- taught the soldiers how to read and write. When she returned to England she fell sick from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ministers, heads of government, authors, politicians and reformers came to her for her advice. She received many public honors and was the first woman to be awarded the British Order of Merit. Florence almost single-handedly invented modern nursing, as we know it today, and created a new image of female nurses as a professional class. Irena Sendler Irena Sendler was born in 1910 in Otwock, a town some 15 miles southeast of Warsaw. She was greatly influenced by her father who was one of the first Polish Socialists. During WW11 Irene defied the Nazis and in a show of remarkable bravery, rescued 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto. She was rescuing these children from most certain death, as very few came out of the Warsaw Ghetto alive. Irene worked in the Warsaw Social Welfare Department and as a result was able to go about freely without suspicion. When Irene saw the prejudice and terrible conditions that were being forced upon the Jews she was appalled and decided to join the Polish underground resistance movement Aid to the Jews. Irena Sendler accomplished her incredible deeds with the active assistance of the church. I sent most of the children to religious establishments, she recalled. I knew I could count on the Sisters. The children were given false identities and placed in homes, orphanages and convents. Irena Sendler carefully noted, in coded form, the childrens original names and their new identities. But the Nazis became aware of Irenas activities, and on October 20, 1943 she was arrested, imprisoned and tortured by the Gestapo, who broke her feet and legs. Though she was the only one who knew the names and addresses of the families sheltering the  Jewish children, she withstood the torture, refusing to betray either her associates or any of the Jewish children in hiding. She escaped from prison but for the rest of the war the Gestapo pursued her. After the war she dug up the jars and used the notes to track down the 2,500 children she placed with adoptive families and to reunite them with relatives scattered across Europe. This lovely, courageous woman was one of the most dedicated and active workers in aiding Jews during the Nazi occupation of Poland. Her courage enabled not only the survival of 2,500 Jewish children but also of the generations of their descendants. Her courage, strength and the goodness of her spirit is honored forever by those lives she saved. Compare and Contrast Mary, Irena Sendler, and Florence Nightingale all have something in common. Each and every one overcame social injustice, discrimination and prejudice in the name of all things good. Virgin Mary knew she would be shunned, as her baby was conceived before marriage, back then adultery was punishable by stoning to death, yet she agreed to do gods work out of love for the Lord. Irena Sendler risked her life for the 2,500 children she saved, her deeds could have gotten her killed yet her faith and morality was more important to her, and Florence Nightingale overcame the social ethics and restrictions of her time to do what she believed to be Gods work. Another similarity is the fact that all three women saved lives in their own respective way. Unlike Florence and Irena, Mary did her deeds indirectly and in a more spiritual sense, she gave birth to Jesus who is spiritually viewed as the savior of mankind, he gave people salvation, faith and hope. Also, today many people see Mary as a role model and through her seek inspiration that leads many people to give up sin and live a good and holy life. This contrasts to the work of Florence Nightingale and Irena Sendler, these two woman saved people in the physical sense, through knowledge, nursing, and trying to prevent genocide. These woman strike inspiration and strength in all that read their story. Though they come from different eras and have different life stories to tell, all three are fine examples of the strength, faith and capabilities of a woman. Bibliography Internet http://net2.netacc.net/~mafg/mary03.htm http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm http://www.catholic.org/saints/saints/lucy.html http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stl01001.htm http://www.dnai.com/~borneo/nightingale/tl1.htm http://www.geocities.com/squillin_us/Mother%20Mary.htm http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/sendler.htm Books Book of Saints Mark Straton 1991 J.M Dent Pty. Dictionary of World Biography. Barry Jones 1998 The Age Encyclopedia of World Biography McGraw Hill 1973 McGraw Hill Inc. Florence Nightingale John Drasedon 1988 Wiley and Sons LTD Virgin Mary Linda McWell 1963 Curtin Pty.

Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay

Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay Anand Milk Union Ltd. was founded in 1946 and is brand which is managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd an Indian cooperative organisation (GCMMF), which today is jointly owned by 3.3 million milk producers in Gujarat, India. It spurred the white revolution in india which in turn made India the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world. Its annual turnover in the year 2011-2012 reached to US$ 2.5 billion. Its daily milk procurement is nearly 13 million lit from 16,117 village milk cooperative societies. GCMMF has now become the largest exporter of India. Many of its products are available in countries like USA, Gulf Countries, Singapore, The Philippines, Japan, China and Australia. Since the mid 1990s AMUL has entered areas that are not directly related to its core business. Its entry into the field of frozen products was quite successful as it was able to capture a large market share in quite a short while. Over the last five and a half decades, dairy cooperatives have created an economic network that links 3.1 million village milk producers with millions of consumers in India. Its products range from  milk,   butter, ghee,cheese, Masti Dahi, Yoghurt,   Buttermilk  chocolate,  ice cream, cream, shrikhand, paneer, gulab jamuns, flavoured milk, basundi, Nutramul brand and others. In January 2006, it launched Indias first sports drink Stamina, which plans to compete with Coco-Cola, Pepsi, Gatorade etc. It also introduced Kool Koko, a a chocolate milk brand extending its product offering in the milk products segment. Its sugar free pro-biotic ice cream won The International Dairy Federation Marketing Award in 2007. Logo Of The Company: 2.1 NATURE OF THE COMPANY The name Amul itself indicates that it is a co-operative union. There are various types of co-operative society which are as  under: (1) Producers or manufactures co-operative society (2) Consumer co-operative society (3) Housing co-operative society (4) co-operative farming (5) co-operative credit solvency This firm is the firm of association in which person combine together toform  a  society  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  goods.  Although  it  is democratic management of industrial production. This is useful where large capital is neither necessary nor much technical and expert knowledge of themanagement is needed. In India some of the Sugar mill and ginning mills are running under this formation. Dairies are also adopting co-operating format.Amul is the producers co-operative society. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:- Organization Structure is divided into two parts: External Organization Structure Internal Organization Structure 1.External Organization Structure External Organization Structure is the organization structure that affects the organization from the outside. State Level Marketing Federation District Milk Product Union Ltd. Village Milk Product Union Ltd. Villagers As we know, GCMMF is a unit of Gujurat Milk Marketing Federation, which is a co-operative organization. The villagers of more than 10000 villages of Gujarat are the bases of this structure. They all make village milk producers union, district level milk producers union and then a state level marketing federation is established. The structure is a line relationship, which provides easy way to operation. It also provides better communication between two stages.. 2.Internal Organization Structure: The following is internal organization chart of Amul: Chairman Managing Director General Manager Assistant General Manager Finance Dept. Production Dept Marketing Dept. Sales Purchase Dept Personnel Dept. Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Finance Mana. Production Mana. Marketing mana. Sales Mana. Personnel Manager Accounting officer Marketing Officer P.R.F Officers Supervisors F.S.R Salesman Executive A  systematic  Ã‚  welldefined  organizational  structure  plays  a  vital   role  Ã‚  provides accurate information to the top-level management. An organization structure defines a clear-cut line of authorities responsibilities among the employees of GCMMF. The Organization structure of Amul is well-arranged structure. At a glance a person can completely come to know about  the organization structure. Amul  is  leaded  by  the  director  under  him  five  branches  viz.  Factory,  Marketing,Accounts, Purchase, Human Resources Department. Factory department has a separate general manager under him there are six braches viz.Production,  Stores,  Distribution,  Cold  Storage,  Quality,  and  Deep-freezing.  This department takes care of the  factory work .Marketing department has regional senior marketing manager and under him there is a regional manager. This department takes care  of the marketing aspects of Amul. Accounts  department  takes  care  regarding  accounts  i.e.  day-to-day  work.  Under  theaccountant there is one clerk. Purchase department takes care regarding the purchase of raw materials and many other things. 2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION Every organization is set up with some objectives to fulfill. The objectives may be social, economic, national and human. Amul was also set up with some basic objectives to fulfill including all social, economic, national and human objectives. Following are the objectives of Amul: Social Objectives: Amul has an objective to supply goods with best of quality and purity at very reasonable rates. It helped to reduce malpractices carried out by merchants and milk traders. Its White revolution made a huge contribution to the alleviation of poverty and famine levels from levels that were dangerously low National Objectives: Amul has helped India to increase its production of milk by 40 million metric tonnes and become the country with the most milk production all over the world To increase the foreign exchange of the country by exporting the milk products To produce products according to national priorities To help improve the health and nutrition of many within the country. Human Objectives: To help the villagers associated with Amul to sell their milk products To provide good working conditions to the employees To provide growth opportunities to the backward and unprivileged villagers To provide job satisfaction to the employees Economic Objectives: Expansion of distribution network.   Creative and Unique marketing strategies. Optimum utilization of available resources. Creation and expansion of loyal customer base. Even though the basic objective is not to make profit, some profits are still to be made so as to survive and expand. 3.1 CONCLUSION The Amul model has helped India to emerge as the largest milk producer in the world. More than 15 million milk producers pour their milk in 1,44,246 dairy cooperative societies across the country. Their milk is processed in 177 District Co-operative Unions and marketed by 22 State Marketing Federations, ensuring a better life for millions. Someone beautifully said that when you buy from small shops, you are not helping a MNC CEO buy a third vacation home, but helping a little girl get school education, a little boy get his cricket bat, a mom put food on the table or a family repay a housing loan. It is this India that we need to believe in and care for.-CHAIRMAN SPEECH at the 38th Annual General Body Meeting held on 31st May, 2012. We would sincerely like to thank our business studies teacher for giving us this project as it has enriched and enhanced our knowledge about cooperative socities. ACTUAL FINDINGS: The managers at Amul provided us with alot of information as to how and when it was formed. It all began when milk became a symbol of protest. The birth of Amul was inspired by the freedom movement and was founded in 1946 to stop the exploitation by middlemen. The seeds of Amul were sown more than 65 years ago in Anand, a small town in Gujarat, western India. Angered by the manipulative practices of the local trade cartel, the farmers of Anand approached the great Indian patriot Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for a solution. He advised them to get rid of middlemen and form their own co-operative, which would have procurement, processing and marketing under their control. In 1946, the farmers of this area went on a milk strike refusing to be cowed down by the cartel. Under the inspiration and guidance of great leaders like Sardar Patel, Morarji Desai and Tribhuvandas Patel, they formed their own cooperative. Amul grew from strength to strength since then and there was no looking back. The then Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri decided that the same approach should become the basis of a National Dairy Development policy. He understood that the success of Amul could be attributed to the following factors The farmers owned the diary, their elected representatives managed the village societies and the district union, and they employed professionals to operate the diary and manage its business. The cooperatives were sensitive to the needs of farmers and responsive to their demands. At his instance in 1965 the National Dairy Development Board was set up with the basic objective of replicating the Amul model. Dr. Kurien was chosen to head the institution as its Chairman and asked to replicate this model throughout the country. The managers even provided us with additional information about the amul model- The brand name Amul means AMULYA. This word derived from the Sanskrit word AMULYA which means PRICELESS. Amul products have been in use in millions of homessince 1946. Amul butter, Amul Milk Powder, Amul Ghee, Amulspray, Amul Cheese, Amul Chocolates, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Ice cream, Nutramul, Amul Milk and Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. Today Amul is a symbol of many things like of the high quality products sold at reasonable prices, of the genesis of a vast co-operative network, of the triumph of indigenous technology, of the marketing savvy of a farmers organization. And have a proven model for diary development (ANAND PATTERN). At the initial stage only 250 litres of milk was collected every day. But with the growing awareness of the benefits of the coorperativeness, the collection of milk increased. Today Amul collects 11 lakhs liters of milk every day, representing growth of 6.09 percent. 3.3 VIPER REPORT