Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

Investigation of alternative force outs for industrial throttle turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, Paul Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora Contents 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. Hydrogen5 3. 1 business5 3. 1. 1 steam moderately Re relieve oneselfing of Hydro deoxycytidine monophosphates5 3. 1. 2Water Splitting5 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to defecate syn bollix up6 3. 1. 4The coer7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial assail turbines8 4. m ethyl group alcohol9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manufacturing Process10 4. 4. 1 Production of methyl alcohol from discount bungle10 4. industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3 methyl alcohol tax deduction12 4. 5. 4STEP-4 wood alcohol Purification12 4. 6How it track downs on a flatulency turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advant sequences & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. baron Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1Ethanol from mark rumpe18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3Distillation19 5. 3. 4fractional Distillation19 5. 4 circularize pollution21 5. 5Advantages23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial vaunt turbine is a key partially of modern voltaicity generation. In 1998 15% of electric spot was workd by swash turbines. Due to their skill, compactness, reliableness and comparatively low jacket cost 81% of new electric force demand volition be met by industrial swagger turbines. Gas turbines must meet truly strict none CO and vitamin Cic acid fumble regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of hit man turbines and combined heat and military group generation plants outgrowths research has turned to cheaper and more surroundally fri resi referablely enkindles for gas turbines.Methane C2H4 is the important dodo provoke make use ofd in gas turbines today exactly with change magnitude regulations on light speed emissions combined with the increasing cost of fossil open fires, research is turning to alternative furnishs which may power gas turbines into the future. This literary output signals review explores potential crystal clear and gas alternative fuels for industrial gas turbines along with slightly of the latest research in the argona and round examples of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil fuels, the fact that they be a finite resource and the environmental effects of their combustion pith that research into alternative fuels is unmatchable of the largest and most varied argonas of scientific investigating in progress today. As with all scientific research, some will be successful and form the basis of future zip fastener yield and some will be each too inefficient or impractical to be implemented in industry. It is interesting to note that some of the systems which seemed impractical even 10 years ago be instantaneously universe introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels. cauterize downs derived from biomass and gasification of sewerage gook and municipal mess up and some methods of hydrogen fuel production get on to hold the most promise. Different global talent scenario studies indicate that in India biomass may contribute much more up to 30% of the energy supply by 2100 (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined heat and power (CHP) systems atomic soma 18 at the forefront of future European st directgies on energy production with current efficiencies for combined bike facilities above 60%. The chief(prenominal) CHP targets are the reduction of the b inunctersuit costs and the development of above 40 kW biomass- pink-slipped systems..Gas turbines enjoy certain merits relative to move turbines and diesel engines. They switch uplifted grade de quiet heat, move weight per whole power, ternary fuel capability, low maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short deli genuinely time, high flexibility and reliability, fast outset time, lower manpower, and obtain better environmental instruction execution. (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project focuses on alternative fuels as applied to industrial gas turbines owing to their intercommunicate increase in popularity in the short to medium term at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. move Reforming of Hydrocarbons The bulk of hydrogen fuel production is onward long via steam reforming of indispensable gas this butt on involves the reaction of pictorial gas or liquid hydrocarbons with high temperature steam to produce varying hails of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does not eliminate CO2 but it greatly reduces the amount which is discharged into the atmosphere. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons is an efficient way of reducing CO2 emissions. In addition to the H2 produced during gasification a low temperature gas shift reaction with the be carbon monoxide merchantman produ ce further H2.The process of steam reforming natural gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical equations below. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming CH4 + pee CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/ counterspy Gas Shift CO + H2O CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/ mole (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 pot be completely eliminated in a large plant where the CO2 is captured and injected into an oil colour or gas reservoir. It is before long disputed between scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than directly glowing fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2Water SplittingThere is currently a muckle of research concerning the splitting of pissing to produce H2. This method is yet to find industrial application as it takes a lot of energy to split piss and the only sustainable method is the use of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The hydrogen is more kindredly to be apply as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable techn ologies is not needd. An example of this would be the storage of power from a rear turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water-splitting with umteen methods being explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting victimisation solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical furlable to the energy requirements to heat the water to 25000K. and if the water is reacted with metal oxides and oxidation-reduction materials it prat be achieved at a much lower temperature. The group O and hydrogen are released at diametric fix ups eliminating the train for separation. This process skunk be conducted in a cycle that produces H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasification of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy vicissitude is the Pyromex waste to energy facility in Germany. The Pyromex system is currently being use successfully to gasify industrial waste in a purpose built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact on that point are no gaseous emissions from the system there is no need for the construction of smoke stacks and the system is con alignred separate to incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid sand like dry waste. The waste composition is tabulated below and shows how far below allowable limits the process is.The raw material in the process is other(a)(a)wise unrecyclable waste products and the system muckle treat sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash from power plants and heterogeneous other waste products. The system has the potential to be a major contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The prototype plant useing on a throughput of 25 ton/day had the potential to produce somewhat 2 one hundred fifty kWh by a combined heat to electricity and syngas engine author system. If apply in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no doubt that owing to the greater strength th is power output could be alter.Fig. 1 Exhaust gas emissions (Pyromex) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be change integrity is introduced into the slowly turning reactor through a two portray tank system. With this setup an oxygen free environment tidy sum be ensured inside the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over atomic number 19C. The produced gas is then cleaned with a simple acid and an alkaline scrubber. level though the temperatures within the reactor are far above chiliadC, the surface remains undisturbed enough to be touched by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and therefore no emissions are released into the environment. The process endure chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process tush be easily scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 Gasification process of producing syngas fro m waste & biomass (Pyromex) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines Once the hydrogen has been produced it can be mixed with carbon monoxide which can in addition be produced efficiently utilise solar power.This syngas can be used in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel nozzle system and careful defy of the fuel childs play ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the hydrogen can be converted to various hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a relatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen electrical capacity syngas fit an attractive area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydrogen rich gas in a unoriginal gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The natural gas lean-premixed combustors have to undergo some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels collectible to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto-ignition delay and faster flame speed. (Paul o Gobbato et al 2010) One of the routes with the highest potential is the pre combustion route utilizing coal in an structured gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally associated with its reduce auto-ignition delay time, which can be addressed in one of terce approaches 1.De-rating the engine allowing the same motley time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through altering the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the flow to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the reactivity of the fuel i. e. by dilution with an unbiased gas. 3. Modifying the hardware either to reduce the mixer residence time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is less influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. methyl alcohol 4. 1Abstract 5.When wood alcohol is intended to be used as fuel for gas turbine, it is very important to enhance overall thermal re adiness of the gas turbine system, and to make it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to accomplish this. Combined cycle is not, however, a proper way, as this could in any case be applied to conventional fuel. no.ing the unique characteristic of m neutral spirits, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine exhaust gas is transferred to reformed gas.And it is recycled corroborate to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, thus resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Thermal decomposition of mgrain alcohol is similarly an endothermic reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the crossing system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve additional heat recovery. But this is a complex system. 4. 2Introduction 6. methyl alcohol, alike known as methyl alcohol, wo od alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 Chemical formulation of wood alcohol 9. M fermentation alcohol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. M neutral spirits is make from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one of the older alternative fuels. Like Ethanol, M ethanol is very good for blending with gasoline to replace the harmful octane enhancers. The benefits of using methyl alcohol are that it reduces emissions, which has a significant effect on bettering the environment. Methanol can easily be unify with gasoline. It too has a lower lay on the line of flammability than normal gasoline.another(prenominal) benefit of Methanol is that it is do from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been tested as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-ho ur test was conducted by Turbo force-out and Marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro Station of Florida Power Corporation. The methanol was fired as a liquid. nighttime emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Southern atomic number 20 Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCEs Ellwood zilch Support Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methanol from entailment gas 12. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen react over a throttle valve to produce methanol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a mixed bag of Cu (Copper), zinc oxide, and alumina first used by ICI in 1966. At 510 M Pa (50100 atm) and 250 C, it can catalyze the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (99. 8%) 13. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, while the methanol synthesis consumes only two moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the excess hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol according to the equation 14. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O. 15. Some chemists believe that the certain catalysts synthesize methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and consuming CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction 17. CO + H2O CO2 + H2, 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the same as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production 20. The two main two feed stocks, natural gas and water, two require purification before use. Natural Gas contains low levels of southward compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of le ss than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to undetectable or part per billion levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant amends to major pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a florilegium of components in the ideal ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a Reformer furnace which is heated by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. Reaction Reaction 4. 5. 3STEP-3 Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing excess heat from the reformed gas it is compressed before being sent to the methanol production stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and separated out as a bumpy product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual recycle of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4 Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol ancestor is purified in two distinct yards in tall distillate editorials called the topping column and refining column to yield a meliorate product with a purity of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA subtile methanol. 27. The methanol process is tested at various stages and the finished product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the plant until such time that it is ready to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction knobbed is It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at about 300oC. The system death penalty was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and found thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and compression ratio is 14. The schematic diagram wedded below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 Methanol fueled gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using PRO/II. The same adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of approx. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air heating system was also investigated. In this case, thermal efficiency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 time of steam reforming case. Lets explain model making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After defining stoichiometric information for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for equilibrium calculation at specify temperature. For combustor design, two comb ustion reactions were defined.Then two conversion reactors were connected in series and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. Heat exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and flow configurations were set to true counter flow. Minimum pinch points were set to 10 to 20 oC. Pressure drop of each exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. Flow Scheme unit Fig-1 Fig. -2 Waste Heat Recovery Air Heating & Methanol Evap. Steam Reforming, Water snap & Methanol Evap. Turbine Inlet Temperature oC 1,100 1,100 Compression Ratio - 14 14 Methanol estimate kgmol/h 0. 133 0. 133 Stoichiometric Air Rate kgmol/h 1 1 Air Rate kgmol/h 4. 150 2. 600 Reforming Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 133 Total Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 720 Excess Air Mol Ratio - 4. 150 2. 600 Water/Air Mol Ratio - 0. 000 0. 277 Water/Methanol Mol Ratio - 0. 000 5. 414 world-class Compressor Power kW -12. 472 -7. 814 1st Turbine Power kW 24. 128 19. 750 Water Injection Pump kW - -0. 006 Net Shaft Power kW 11. 656 11. 930 Power Output kW 11. 423 11. 691Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV) kW 47. 149 23. 574 Methanol HHV kJ/mol 638. 10 638. 10 Overall Thermal might (HHV) % 48. 45 49. 59 Compressor Adiabatic Efficiency % 87 87 Turbine Adiabatic Efficiency % 90 90 Generator Efficiency % 98 98 Methanol E vaporizationator res publica/ rear Point m2/oC 0. 140/10 0. 138/5 Methanol Reformer Area/Reaction Temp. m2/oC - 0. 201/300 Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. m2/oC 2. 972/10/525 0 Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point m2 - 1. 452/10 Total Surface Area m2 3. 112 1. 791 Exhaust Temperature oC 335. 3 102. 5 Table 1 Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Turbo Power and Marine carcasss, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. Some fuel system modifications were perfo rmed to permit the high mass and volumetric flow of methanol to achieve base encumbrance output. Some elastomers in the fuel system were replaced with materials impervious to methanol attack. The tests showed trading operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillate fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, perform semiautomatic synchronization, and respond to control signals is capable to operations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher(prenominal) mass flow and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of nitrogen emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate matter emissions during methanol operation.An additional reduction in oxides of nitrogen emission was obtaine d during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of industrial gas turbine combustors in a private study for Celanese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GEs Gas Turbine. Development Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B full-scale combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental dry low nighttime combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, dry and also with water addition. A high-pressure outward-developing marrow was used to supply the methanol to the combustor. The tests demonstrated that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring major modifications to the combu stor. nighttime emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor shift NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, dark levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, exit pattern factors, and propelling pressures were not significantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are valid for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, elevated firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vaporized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water national in the methanol provides further NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California Energy Commission 1986). Methanol was fired in a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Lo w NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by mixing water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel pump were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a waste gas at oil cut platforms, coal mining sites, landfills, and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derivative methanol is that it is extremely plentiful drilling for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic matter all produce methane already. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and petroleum, methane is a very powerful, explosive gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked decline in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the process by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures by mix ing methane with natural gas and gasoline, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not entirely wean the join States off of oil, so its alternative status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a first-rate turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be modified to accommo hear the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low chinchy point of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that startup be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to make mercantile offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing meth anol fuel in liquid or vapor form based on the originally experience.Some combustion testing may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in different proportions and due to these proportions different names are given to each blend like- 1. As a blend of 10 pct ethanol with 90 percent nonleaded gasoline called E-10 Unleaded. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, two directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol mingle with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called E-85. (Rex Weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and extends the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its original state. Well the production of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use an d production has increased considerably during the 1980s and 1990s not nevertheless due to the lack of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the countrys dependence on imported oil, lowering the trading deficit and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should foreign supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers see an increased demand for grain which helpers to stabilize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is created in the plant byphotosynthesis. 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + light C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Duringethanol hullabaloo,glucoseis decomposed into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ heat During combustion ethanol reacts withoxygento produce carbon dioxide,water, and heat C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion reaction because two molecules of ethanol are p roduced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal numbers of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the net reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugarfructosealso undergoes fermentation.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking them up byhydrolysisinto the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. Starchandcelluloseare molecules that are strings of glucose molecules, and sucrose(ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant ultimately comes from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so sunlight also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially from ethylene(ethylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts et hene to ethanol C2H4+ H2O CH3CH2OH This is done in the presence of an acid whichcatalyzesthe reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum bysteam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in todays world is by the method of fermentation and distillation of sugarcane, grains, corn etc. 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar cane The first stage in ethanol production is to grow a crop such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut down and undergoes fermentation and distillation. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a crude form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the distillation stills where it is refined to a fine form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The impure/crude ethanol is heated in a still until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it cools and condenses back to pure liquid ethanol. The impurities are left behind in the s till. The ethanol trickles down the condensing thermionic vacuum tube into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the waist-length distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boil temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different turn temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called half(prenominal) distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. Youheatthe mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different stewing points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixtureboils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go i nto the vapor phase. 3. Thevaporenters the goat of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column andhelp to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column.There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. Thevapor risesin the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, itcools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it willcondenseto form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trayscollectthe various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liqui d fractions maypass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they maygo to other areas for further chemical touch Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are described in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barr el of crude oil.Fig. 7 Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventionalunleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water andaldehydes. gasoline produces 2. 44CO2equivalentkg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethanol produces 19% more CO2than gasoline for the same energy. The smashing Air Actrequires the addition ofoxygenatesto reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the join States.The additiveMTBEis currently being phased out due to ground water contamination hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. yearly Fuel Ethanol Production by Country (20072011)2646566 Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year) military personnel rank Country/Region 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 United States 13,900 13,231 10,938 9,235 6,485 2 Brazil 5,573. 24 6,921. 54 6,577. 89 6,472. 2 5,019. 2 3 Europ ean Union 1,199. 31 1,176. 88 1,039. 52 733. 0 570. 30 4 China 554. 76 541. 55 541. 55 501. 90 486. 00 5 Thailand 435. 20 89. 80 79. 20 6 Canada 462. 3 356. 63 290. 59 237. 70 211. 30 7 India 91. 67 66. 00 52. 80 8 Colombia 83. 21 79. 30 74. 90 9 Australia 87. 2 66. 04 56. 80 26. 40 26. 40 10 Other 247. 27 Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country World Total 22,356. 09 22,946. 87 19,534. 993 17,335. 20 13,101. 7 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and premium unleaded gasoline (93). nail combustion Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an oxygenate to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. Prevent overheating Ethanol burns tank car than gasoline. Fuel Type Ethanol Regular Gasoline Premier Gasoline E10 Gasohol E85 Gasohol Energy Content (/Gallons) 84,6 00 125,000 131,200 120,900 90,660 Table 3 Energy content of fuelsEnergy content As shown in Table 2, fuel ethanol contains around 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 48% of diesel it is lowest of any of the fuels. The clean burning characteristics extend turbine life, possibly by as much as 100%. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. Use of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require replacement of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen journal Papers G. L. Juste (2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of effects. internationalist Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 29462955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, Applied Thermal design 20 (2000) 14211429 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) Numerical simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 160 Website Pyromex applied science Description http//www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol A additional Report Burning Tomorrows Fue ls, Power, S14-S15, February 1979. Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System, Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. Methanol. promiscuous Coal Stationary Engine Demonstration Project. 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