'Water analysis\r'

'Students ar time- tried and true for their knowledge of base titration technique and correct work of specific- occasion investigates (those employ for conduction, alkalinity, and pH, chloride, treat and c each(prenominal)ousness detection) on Logger Pro softw be program. The shoot for of this comprehensive research research laboratoryoratory is to determine the chemical properties of planetary imbibing piddle supply ground at quadruplet specific locations in the Toledo Ohio atomic number 18a.Students test the dis same repertories of this imbibing urine by subjecting it to the following tests: pH tests, conduction tests, tot up and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, pith callus, chloride tests, and nitrates tests. With respect to the selective information imperturbable In this lab, assimilators also expenditure conversion accompanimentors to channelise the parts per million. Following holdions c ar practicedy and prudently Is polar for the success of the taste and as well to the fact that the testing will be finished during the lab period.Tests like these are perform e preciseday by industrial irrigate interference plant in regularize to ensure the Toledo such(prenominal) the EPA to name its findings inside a written deadline. Obviously reports of body of piss lineament that are non up to the governments mensurations, (all of the stocks will be listed at a later section in the report) will be subjected to get ahead testing and obscure from public access until the standards are met.This lab mimics the daily r prohibitedines of employed chemists at these facilities on a little scale. Students that chose to enter such profession will be held liable for development the techniques learned in this lab. recourse teaching: Most of the chemicals use in this lab are dangerous. Avoid bodily contact, ingestion or any type of spills. Assume that all of the reagents utilize in the lab are poisonous.Rinse the pH pro be thoroughly with distilled irrigate. Place the probe into a short beaker that contains one of the ii standardization buff solutions. B. make out Experiment, Calibrate… , and select the Sensor boundup tab. With the sack for Port 1 (or Channel CHI) de runed, confirm or choose the Sensor: pH probe and standardisation: PH. Select the Calibrate tab and click on Calibrate Now. C. Gently stir the buffer with the pH probe. When the voltage reading of the pH probe is stable. attain the pH quantify of the buffer solution (read onward of the bottle of buffer solution) to the nearest 0. 01 intoValue 1 and extinguish Keep. D. Rinse the probe with Del pissing supply and so(prenominal) yett it in a small beaker that contains the secondment calibration solution. When the reading is stable, enter the pH determine of the buffer solution to the nearest 0. 01 into Value 2 and press Keep. Press K to store the calibration. E. Check that the calibration worked by placing the p robe back into the buffer solution. If the displayed value does not match the value of the buffer, exit out of Logger and reopen the window. The displayed probe in pH 7 buffer until it is later ask. 4. ) admit a suitable size of audition to determine the PH. Ml is suitable for this experiment. Measure this get along of ideal use a gradatory cylinder. Transfer the test as well as ml glass beaker. 5. ) Place the pH probe into the beaker containing the render. ledger the pH of the audition distribution on your entropy sheet. 6. ) Rinse the probe with Del body of water and dry it. forthwith place the probe back into the pH buffer. conduction Test: 1 . ) The experiment should already be open on the laptop. If not, select the Expo. 14 conductivity icon that is on the desktop. 2. ) Double check that the shake take away box is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS ( essential Dissolved Solids).If necessary, you may change this setting to match your savor s value. A graduate(prenominal) range standard is available if needed. 3. ) Calibrate the conductivity probe utilise a two- point calibration. part the low-and mid-range solutions to perform the calibrations. A. Initiate the calibration procedure in the software b. Place the conductivity Probe into a standard solution with a low conductivity value (this should be between O †IPPP/CM or O- MGM/L TTS… Say 1 moms/CM). Be sure the entire elongated hole with the electrode surfaces is go to a lower place in the solution ND that t here(predicate) are no air bubbles along the electrode surface. cargo area for the displayed voltage to stabilize. C. image the value of the standard solution in the suitably chosen units. D. Repeat the calibration using the intermediate conductivity (this is between O †Phipps… Say destiny/CM) 4. ) Analyze the patterns conductivity a. Using a rinsed ml graduated cylinder, whole step ml of the audition. B. Transfer this substance to anther clean and dry beaker. C. Place the probe into the beaker containing the try. D. Wait for the reading to stabilize. evince the conductivity on your information sheet. E. Convert the reading into MGM/L and gratify. Source: Conductivity Probe, Fernier Software and Technology via their website www. Fernier. Com/support/manuals/) inwardness and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests: 1 . ) Measure 50 ml of your assay in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample into a mall sighttric flask. 2. ) Add three to quintet drops of phenolphthalein solution to you sample. 3. ) Set up a titration machine (where the clean burette is clamped too ring stand). 4. ) set out about mall of sulfuric erosive (HASPS) into a largishr beaker. 5. ) Full the burette with HASPS up until a point above the calibration mark (Mol).Place a licentiousness beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock and exhalation the remaining HASPS to get rid of air bubbles. 6. ) commemorate the exact ingress of the HASPS into your information sheet. Record the signalise burette reading to the nearest 0. 01 ml. Replace the waste beaker with the flask containing the sample. 7. ) Titrate the sample too pale endpoint. The solution will be barely ping Just before the endpoint of the solution. Add a few drops of 10% tessellate solution to the sample (do this Just before the endpoint of your titration! ) Record the conk out(a) volume of the HASPS apply. A.Use the mixed indi give the gatet brochures colour/ methyl radical bolshy) this sample should be green at the startle and the endpoint should be a yellow-straw seeming. B. If needed, refill the burette with more HASPS. Record the initial value into your info table. try on will become colourizeless and then the next drop should accomplish you the straw color. 8. ) Record the phenolphthalein alkalinity and primitive alkalinity in militarily and indulge. Total severeness Test: 1 . ) Obtain ml of your water sample measu carmine o n a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add one scoop of mankind indicator to your sample.The color of the solution should be reddish pink. 3. ) Obtain bout mall of deed. Record the concentration of your iterant. 4. ) Set up a similar titration thingy. Rinse a burette with Del and then with bit. 5. ) Fill the burette with DEED up until the calibration mark. Place the waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock to remove air bubbles. Record the initial volume of DEED on your data sheet to the nearest 0. 01 ml. 6. ) Titrate the sample until the color of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) Report the total hardness in militarily and panderer. (Other Sources: Water Chemistry, ANAL ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL science laboratory Manual. 2013-2014) Results: pH and POOH set per apiece sample tried Total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity change, hydrated oxide, or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity certify? Carbonate, Hydroxi de, and or hydrogen carbonate alkalinity Total Hardness and Non-Carbonate hardness of individually sample Nitrates/Chlorides constitute Conductivity tests per from individually one sample Sample Calculation used in Sample 4: pH: Value collected from pH probe: 6. 42 pH [H+} = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = -log[OH-] = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 Total alkalinity: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 supply chocolate tree tree (source). Total Volume of acid titrated (for twain phenolphthalein and brochures green methyl red indicators): 5. 21 ml 0. Ml acid/l . 0 secure cacao tree -? 5. 21 ml acid/ x ply cacao tree 52. 1 cater cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity: * payable to a paucity in the hail of sample available for fast testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations at a lower place are dual in shape to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * of 1. 0 pl y Cacao (source). Volume of acid titrated: 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml securer cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acid)/xx 5. pander cacao Carbonate Alkalinity Present? Carbonate alkalinity is mystify when phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero, but is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). Half of Total alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 pimp cacaos o 15. 1 pimp cacaos 26. 05 pimp cacao Yes carbonate alkalinity is toast be contract the phenolphthalein value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is a nonzero quash that is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample (26. 05 pimp Cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity: Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) pimp (CO)2- = 30. 2 pimp (cacao)2- Anton Hydroxide Alkalinity Present?Hydroxide alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half of the total alkalinity. 15. 1 pimp cacaos 226. 05 pimp cacaos This conveyment is false thereby proving that no hydrated oxide alkalinity is present in this sample of water. Hydroxide alkalini ty: N/A Bicarbonate Alkalinity Present? Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). 15. 1 pimp Cacao 26. 05 pimp Cacao Yes bicarbonate alkalinity is present in this sample because the phenolphthalein alkalinity value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample 26. 5 pimp Cacao). Bicarbonate Alkalinity: Bicarbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 pimp HCI- Total Hardness of Sample: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. MM DEED, 0. 10 ml of DEED is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). *Due too shortage in the arrive of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * Volume of DEED titrated: 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml pimp cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX pimp cacao x = 52. 5 pimpNon-Carbonate hardness of the Sample: This is the diversion between the Total Hardness and the Total Alkalinity (52. 5 pimp cacao) †(52. 1 pimp cacao) = 0. 4 pimp cacao Observations: Each of the four samples collected were visually similar. Each were colorless, and somely free of suspended particles. none exhibited any odors. The test done on sample 4 for hardness were dissimilar to the tests done on the previous samples because it form an orange complex with the Universe indicator rather than the more commonly found red color. This may fill been due to haywire cleaning of glassware.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test done for sample 3 was peculiar in that addition of large amounts of iterant did not produce a visible endpoint. Upon further investigative assistance from the TA it was confirmed that the water sample was already at its most acerb state recognizable by the phenolphthalein indicator. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to simulate the government-run procedures done to analyze public deglutition water, a n important event that is mandated by the environmental certificate Agency (EPA). Understanding the underlying methods for success at these series of experiments is what the main idea is.The series requires students to refund and implement various laboratory techniques in order to process the sample of water. It is a comprehensive go over on the following: using computing device software such as Logger Pro, calibration technique using various specific probes, titration, understanding the fundamental principle of geochemistry in chemical expressions, understanding the effects of pH on solutions, and overall safety awareness. Chemists use these techniques to undertake more complex problems. For now, the simpler â€Å"mint” experiments listed above are up for discussion. The submittime experiment done was the total hardness test.This involves the iterant, DEED which forms a dark red complex with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the sample-indicator mixture causes the red color to fade. This is the result of the unknown metal deed in the sample reacting with the DEED and getting rid of the red complex formed. thence the solution color turns blue, which signals the student that the endpoint has been reached. Essentially the amount of DEED titrated determines the amount of unknown metal present in the sample. These metals are Ca+ and Approximation of the specific action present is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample water.If the pH is above 12, then only the Ca+ action sens be detected. The total hardness of sample 1 was reported at 119. 9 pimp Cacao. The extent to how hard the water is, is denoted by a scale of water hardness. The scale used here was taken from the Fairfax County Water Authority, a water treatment facility. It states that: soft water has less than 17. 1 pimp of metal particles, roughly hard water has 17. 1 †60 pimp metal particles, hard water has 120-180 pimp metal particles, and very hard water has over 1 80 pimp metal ions present (â€Å" definition of Water Hardness”, www. Face. G The water in sample 1 is therefore somewhat hard to hard. Sample 2, 3, and 4 contain slightly hard water. In addition the Non- carbonate hardness was also measured. The results from both the total and non-carbonate hardness tests for each sample are instaln in the graph titled, â€Å"Total Hardness and Non-carbonate Hardness of each sample”. The non-carbonate hardness tests accounts for different anions other than the carbonates that may be responsible the presence of dissolve salts in imbibition water. such anions include certain types of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates (Kippering, Lab Manual).The non-carbonate hardness of each sample cannot be determined until a full assessment of the total alkalinity of each sample is done. indeed these calculations are held for the third section of this paper. The EPA does not deplete a standard or hardness of water. In fact, the National Resear ch Council states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of atomic number 20 and magnesium human dietary needs (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness”, www. Face. Org). How can we tell what ions are present in each sample? This is altogether dependent on the relative pH of the samples which is discussed in the next section.Determining the pH of all four samples is a simple procedure. As long as the pH probe is calibrated using the correct buffers each determination should give an accurate result. PH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing large exponentially small concentration of hydrogen ion give a large value pH and the turnabout is true for uplifteder concentrations. This phenomenon occurs because measurement of pH is deliberate on a logarithmic scale. The pH values given by the information processing system can be converted into hydrogen ion concentrations by taking the blackball log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water theory to convert hydrogen ion concentration to hydrated oxide ion (OH-) concentration. Simple use the equation: K = [HUH+] *[H+] and [HUH+] can be used interchangeably Using these equations students can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their corresponding hydroxide concentrations as noted in the graph titled, â€Å"pH and POOH values per each sample time- well-tried,” The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is highly acidic. Sample 2 has a pH of 6. 02. Sample 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples tested here contained slightly acidic eater.The EPA does not start a standard for pH because it is considered a secondary drinking water contaminant, which is aesthetical (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not regulate this property of water, the Ohio Department of health does win additional causes and effects of unnatural pH levels. They claim that the our water, the soil composition that the surface water runs though and a host of others (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes are most relevant as they have a direct impact on the quality of our drinking water, which comes principally from surface waters.As a result from continued use of basic water (pH above 7) people report bitter tasting water, and buildup of minerals in plumbing (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from continued use of acidic water, residents will have sour tasting water, and bimetal staining (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Extreme cases will undoubtedly cause bodily harm Just as the reagent used in lab. As stated earlier, both calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH lower than 12. Since all of the tested sample have lower pH values, we can conclude that there are both calcium and magnesium ions present.The following experiment tested each sample for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the amount of basic ions in a sample (Ki ppering, Lab Manual). The procedure for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalein alkalinity first by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a make up endpoint and recording the amount of iterant (HCI) used. A second indicator, (brochures green methyl red) is added to the sample and further titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the amount of HCI added in the first titration to exercise the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the total amount of HCI titrated to calculate the total alkalinity. The following expression was used to calculate all of the entries for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity: when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. 10 ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). Each calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, â€Å"Total alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity. All of the measurements are calculated in pimp Cacao. Sample 1 produced a phenolphthalein alkalinit y of pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 181 pimp Cacao.Sample 2 reduced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao Sample three gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. Lastly Sample 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In addition to these two measurements, students were also required to calculate the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if at all present in the samples. The results table for these variables are found under the table titled, â€Å"Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present?If the samples met a certain criteria, then they tested positive for the three possible alkalinitys. Students could then use the three equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to calculate the alkalinity of the corresponding anion present. A trend can be note in the tables above. Samples that ha d no hydroxide alkalinity tested positive for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both shared carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. thusly sources of carbonate solids are the main contributors to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is positive for hydroxide alkalinity.Thus salts of hydroxide must(prenominal) be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are treated similarly by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In general alkalinity is treated untold the same as basic solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the values for total alkalinity done. Students hardly subtract the total hardness by the total alkalinity. The values given show the amount of dissolved solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts). The net three tests are the most simple.They involve the usage of specific probes Just as in t he experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the four samples. Conductivity is a measurement of galvanizing activity in a sample. After proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the value on the data sheet. The standard value of water conductivity is given in as/CM. All of the entries for the four samples are turn up under the table titled, â€Å"Conductivity tests per each sample,” Distilled water has a conductivity of about 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas many rivers along the U. S. Have conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the four samples tested show that the drinking water in the Toledo area is much(prenominal) similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. Waterways. The high voltage could be due to the dense race of dissolved ions present in each sample. such quantities could produce a small electrical gradient. The very last two experiments were Just like the last experiment. This time students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was reservoir for the nitrate analysis and the chloride specific probe was used or the chloride analysis. After properly calibrating the probes, students immersed the probes into each sample at a time and collected the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located below the table titled, â€Å"Nitrates/Chlorides present”. Each value is convey using the standard units of MGM/L. According to the Ohio EPA, the standard amount or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water Quality Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. Us). A value higher than this standard violates he sanctions set forth by the EPA and leads to further investigation of the problematic water. Each of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public drinking water from the Toledo are is p artially free from nitrates. why are nitrates so bad? We must touch way back to the original source of our drinking water- surface water. Surface waters from rivers and lakes can easy become tainted with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although presence of nitrate to us may not be a bad thing to us, it most certainly is to the environment. Sudden increase in such nutrient bound runoff causes extreme algal blooms consume large amounts of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in our drinking water obviously poses as a health concern. The maximal amount of chloride allowed in public drinking water is OMG/L according to the United States EPA (â€Å"Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water: centiliter, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide”,water. Pa. Gob). All four samples abide by this regulatory standard. If the opposite had occurred the government would shut off the publics access to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in constitution it is usually found attached to a assemblage IA or AAA metal or to itself. By itself it can become dangerous. Error Analysis The fortune of human hallucination for this series of experiment is figure due to Mistakes were undoubtedly made; solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not calibrated properly.One such example of human error is the source of the large difference between sample Xis total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a student over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is big than the actual value needed. Thus alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to neutralize the water sample. It gives the false impression that the sample was very alkalic/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until resistance to color change t akes longer, then add drop wise. Calibration of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested positive for the standards governed by the Environmental Protection agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes must be properly calibrate. To properly calibrate a probe means to immerse he tender head into the solution (so the small white window glass is Just below the liquid surface) and enter the value of the corresponding standard into the computer.The one step that catches bon mot students is the waiting time. Impatience lead to improper calibration. loanblend contamination of the probes by dipping them in the samples without cleaning them with habitant water and wiping them off with a clean pass over could also have adversely affected the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he values displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the values on the computer could have led to tremendous error. Misuse of probatory figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies mostly to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH values. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two epoch-making figures. Constant rounding up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. Conclusion: The purpose of this series of experiment was to provide students a real-life application of nearly all of the techniques they have learned in their first year of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like dissolved actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) act in aqueous solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the various techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by employed chemists in water treatment plant. Wheres the proof? Well by feel at the results from th is lab and comparing them to the standards produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, one could say that they are sooner similar.\r\n'